Description
The course is an intermediate level course to mapping and surveying sciences, consideration of a planar Earth surface is refined by Earth curvature effects as measurement corrections in some survey measurements. Advances in digital surveying equipment and measurement techniques are reviewed. An overview of types of maps is given with emphasis on planimetric versus topographic maps. Different roles of surveying in engineering surveying projects are examined. An introduction to map projections, grid coordinates computations and coordinate system transformation. Vertical control is considered in view of different methods for height difference determination. The use of precise level and precise staff is discussed; along with calculations of precise leveling. Indirect methods for height difference determination; tachometry, and trigonometric leveling are compared. Calculations are conducted for Earth curvature and refraction effects on height differences. Applications of leveling; longitudinal (profile) leveling, cross section leveling, grid leveling are presented; along with contours calculations, volume and earthwork computations. The Total station (TS) and its applications in setting out is investigated. Methods of setting out are discussed in relation to; highways, roads, different types of curves, airports and runways, tunnel survey, and three-dimensional deformation monitoring of natural land and engineering structures. Introduction to concepts of photogrammetry and remote sensing in engineering projects. The Global Positioning System (GPS) satellite positioning concepts and surveying practices. GPS basics, GPS observation techniques, and GPS application in surveying, mapping and civil engineering.